Altypical Vertical-Cavity Surface-Emitting Laser is made of several layers. The top is a layer in electrical contact for current injection. The next layer, .the second layer, is the high-reflectivity mirror with 99% reflectivity. The next- third layer is an oxide layer that develops a light-emitting window so that the light beam can be converted into a circular beam.
The next layer- the centre layer in the VCSEL is the laser cavity. It is the active gain region where lasing happens. Again there is an oxide layer below the center layer to confine the light. And the last layer is again a DBR- distributed Bragg reflector and the last- bottom layer is a reflective mirror with 99.9% reflectivity.