TI transcranial electrical stimulator

Interferential Neuromodulation System The only integrated device and accessory set for clinical research on interferential (IF) or temporal interference (TI) stimulation About Interferential or Temporal Interference Stimulation Interferential Stimulation (IF) is the simultaneous application of two (or more) sine waves, both at a high but slightly different frequencies via, two (or more) pairs of electrodes or two current sources. The summation of two high frequency (HF) sine waves of slightly different frequencies results in a waveform that is a HF carrier-wave (average of the two sine waves) modulated by a low frequency envelope oscillating at a "beat" frequency. This beat frequency is the difference of the frequencies of the two sinusoids (figure below). It is known that neurons due to their intrinsic low-pass filtering do not respond to high frequencies (i.e. >100Hz) and so IF depends on only the “beat” interaction leading to neuromodulation. More generally, High-Frequency (HF) or High-Rate (HR) stimulation is the use of frequencies at 1 kHz or above. HF / HR approaches including IF /TI stimulation are among the most exciting in electrotherapy (including neuromodulation, brain stimulation, rehabilitation, and bio-electric medicine) because they may produce distinct effects on the body compared to the conventional (100 Hz and lower) stimulation frequencies. Clinically, these differences can span unique therapeutic benefits as well as distinct side-effect benefits. Precisely because HF / HR interventions operate at frequency range well above conventional frequencies, it is also believed HF / HR stimulation engage unique cellular targets and mechanisms.